Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for cancer that uses one or more anti-
cancer drugs as a part of the standardized chemotherapy regimen. Cytotoxic chemicals …

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent one of the largest and oldest families of
membrane proteins in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans, which couple the energy …

Since the discovery that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is driven by epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs, eg …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyse the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and
cyclic GMP, thereby regulating the intracellular concentrations of these cyclic nucleotides …

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important intracellular second messenger,
mediates cellular functional responses in all vital organs. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is …

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in
developed countries, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20 …

Since cloning of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family member breast cancer resistance
protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and its characterization as a multidrug resistance efflux transporter …

Abstract The phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including sildenafil (Viagra™),
vardenafil (Levitra™), and tadalafil (Cialis™) have been developed for treatment of erectile …

Overexpression of drug efflux transport ABCB1 is correlated with multidrug resistance (MDR)
among cancer cells. Upregulation of ABCB1 accounts for the recurrence of resistance to …

The primary source of failure of cancer therapies is multidrug resistance (MDR), which can
be caused by different mechanisms, including the overexpression of ABC transporters in …