Gut bacteria play an important role in the digestion of food, immune activation, and
regulation of entero-endocrine signaling pathways, but also communicate with the central …

Generation, transformation, and utilization of organic molecules in support of cellular
differentiation, growth, and maintenance are basic tenets that define life. In eukaryotes …

The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the
management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in …

Rhythmic gene expression is found throughout the central nervous system. This harmonized
regulation can be dependent on-and independent of-the master regulator of biological …

Obesity, a major risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases
and certain types of cancer, arises from a chronic positive energy balance that is often due to …

Abstract Purpose of Review Our 24/7 society is dependent on shift work, despite mounting
evidence for negative health outcomes from sleep displacement due to shift work. This …

Background The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the
endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence …

Central regulation of food intake is a key mechanism contributing to energy homeostasis.
Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with the brain's …

Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic
feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional …

The essential role of the brain in maintaining energy homeostasis has motivated the drive to
define the neural circuitry that integrates external and internal stimuli to enact appropriate …