It has long been recognized that immunoassays cannot accurately quantify steroid
hormones such as testosterone, estradiol, and aldosterone in certain patient populations …

Although 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) deficiency is diagnosed
when a testosterone/androstenedione (T/A-dione) ratio after human chorionic gonadotropin …

Steroid hormones, synthesized from cholesterol via cytochrome P450 enzymes, are
categorized into adrenocortical hormones and sex hormones. Their monitoring is crucial in …

Abstract Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD) encompass all types of intersex cases and
have been reported globally. However, in Iraq, studies related to DSD are scanty. The …

Introduction: Steroid 5-alpha reductase deficiency (5α-R2D) is a rare condition caused by
genetic variants that reduce the activity of the enzyme that converts testosterone into …

Accurate measurement of sex steroids (androgens, estrogens, and progesterone) is
essential in research and clinical settings for common diseases including osteoporosis …

Objectives 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency due to biallelic SRD5A2 variants is a common
form of 46, XY disorders of sex development. Case presentation A Chinese neonate …

Sex determination and differentiation is a unique overly complex biological process
controlled by a concerted action of a large network of genes, growth factors, hormones, and …

Traditionally, the vast majority of societies around the world have had a binary approach to
sex.“Girl or boy?” has typically been the first question about a newborn. This vision deeply …

En la mayoría de las sociedades en todo el mundo se ha tenido una concepción binaria del
sexo.¿“Niña o niño”? suele ser lo primero que se pregunta sobre un recién nacido. Esta …