The ability of developing immunological memory, a characteristic feature of adaptive
immunity, is clearly present also in innate immune responses. In fact, it is well known that …

Human schistosomes combat the unique immune systems of two vastly different hosts
during their indirect life cycles. In gastropod molluscs, they face a potent innate immune …

The study of molluscan immune systems, in particular those of bivalve molluscs (eg, clams,
oysters, scallops, mussels), has experienced great growth in recent decades, mainly due to …

Haematopoiesis is a process that is responsible for generating sufficient numbers of blood
cells in the circulation and in tissues. It is central to maintenance of homeostasis within an …

Hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) recently emerged as a complication of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, the objectives of this critical review …

Fibrinogen-associated protein (FREP) family is a family of proteins with a fibrin domain at the
carboxyl terminus. Recent investigations illustrated that two members of FREP family …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel virus known as severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2-induced …

This review reexamines the results obtained in recent decades regarding the compatibility
polymorphism between the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, and the pathogen, Schistosoma …

Immunologists, perhaps understandably, most often concentrate on the human immune
system, an anthropocentric focus that has resulted in a dearth of information about the …

The snail's immune response is an important determinant of schistosome infection success,
acting in concert with host, parasite, and environmental factors. Coordinated by haemocytes …