Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important intracellular second messenger,
mediates cellular functional responses in all vital organs. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is …

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet that has been used for decades
as a non-pharmacologic approach to treat metabolic disorders and refractory pediatric …

Background Chronic pain is a major clinical problem with limited treatment options. Previous
studies have demonstrated that activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein …

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved
sensor of cellular energy status and has been reported to be involved in chronic …

abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of
structure and function of neurons most common in elderly population, mainly including …

Several million patients with liver cirrhosis suffer minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE),
with mild cognitive and coordination impairments that reduce their quality of life and life …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disorder
leading to serious neurological deficits. Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor …

Aim Intrahepatic cholestasis is a common pathological condition of several types of liver
disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of quercetin (QU) on …

Sildenafil, approved two decades ago, is the inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). First
of all, it was designated for angina pectoris, but soon it showed a wonderful efficacy in …

Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
This study aimed to investigate neuroprotective potential of tadalafil (TAD) and bergapten …