The kidneys play a key role in maintaining total body homeostasis. The complexity of this
task is reflected in the unique architecture of the organ. Ureteral obstruction greatly affects …

Ensuring the proper amount of water inside the body is essential for survival. One of the key
factors in the maintenance of body water balance is water reabsorption in the collecting …

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterised by the excretion of large amounts of
hypotonic urine, with a prevalence of 1 per 25,000 population. Central DI (CDI), better now …

Renal collecting duct principal cells play a key role in controlling body water balance.
Principal cells express the water channels AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 that mediate renal water …

The alteration of water balance and related disorders has emerged as being strictly linked to
the state of activation of the vasopressin–aquaporin-2 (vasopressin–AQP2) pathway. The …

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by mutations of PKD1 or
PKD2 genes, is characterized by development and growth of cysts causing progressive …

The ability to regulate water movement is vital for the survival of cells and organisms. In
addition to passively crossing lipid bilayers by diffusion, water transport is also driven across …

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channels widely distributed in human tissues. AQPs are
essential for water and energy homeostasis being involved in a broad range of …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal and vital intracellular messenger involved in a diverse range
of cellular and biological processes. Changes in the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ can …

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the main regulator of extracellular Ca2+
homeostasis. It has diverse functions in different tissues, including the intestines. Intestine …