The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders.
Approximately one‐third of the patients with MDD are treatment resistant to the current …

The importance of tryptophan as a precursor for neuroactive compounds has long been
acknowledged. The metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway and its …

Highlights•Chronic stress, depression and inflammation have been consistently
linked.•Stress-induced inflammatory states can contribute to treatment resistance.•Ketamine …

Kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites are believed to be a link between inflammation and
depression through effects on brain glutamate receptors. However, neither the relationship …

The discovery of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant spurred significant research to
understand its underlying mechanisms of action and to identify other novel compounds that …

Exogenous administration of inflammatory stimuli to humans and laboratory animals and
chronic endogenous inflammatory states lead to motivational deficits and ultimately …

Major depression is a serious psychiatric disorder, occurring in up to 20% of the population.
Despite its devastating burden, the neurobiological changes associated with depression are …

Background: Ketamine is a novel rapid-acting antidepressant with high efficacy in treatment-
resistant patients. Its exact therapeutic mechanisms of action are unclear; however, in recent …

Abstract (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) and its enantiomer (S)-ketamine (esketamine) can
produce rapid and substantial antidepressant effects. However, individual response to …