Circadian rhythms and sleep are fundamental biological processes integral to human
health. Their disruption is associated with detrimental physiological consequences …

Narcolepsy is a rare brain disorder that reflects a selective loss or dysfunction of orexin (also
known as hypocretin) neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is …

Sleep quality declines with age; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We
found that hyperexcitable hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/OX) neurons drive sleep fragmentation …

Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Abstract Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a
small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; …

The spinal cord is a fascinating structure that is responsible for coordinating movement in
vertebrates. Spinal motor neurons control muscle activity by transmitting signals from the …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Biological clocks are autonomous anticipatory oscillators that play a critical role in the
organization and information processing from genome to whole organisms. Transformative …

Although the GABAergic benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs (zolpidem, zopiclone, and
zaleplon) are FDA-approved for insomnia disorders with a strong evidence base, they have …

Orexins (also called hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that carry out essential
functions in the central nervous system; however, little is known about their release and …