Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in T cell
activation, survival, and differentiation. Acting as a switch that induces the differentiation of …

Sterile inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of non-infectious
kidney diseases. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in injured kidney tissue promotes …

Antimicrobial resistance against certain medications in the pathogenic microbial community
is globally increasing due to the continual discharge and disposal of pharmaceuticals in the …

The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance pose a major threat to global
health, attributing to misuse and overuse of antibiotics resulting in antibiotics-resistant …

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a cytokine critical for innate and adaptive immune responses.
However, persistent expression of high levels of IL‐6 are associated with a number of …

Background This study by the Cooperative European Paediatric Renal Transplant Initiative
(CERTAIN) was designed to determine the incidence, risk factors, current management …

Tocilizumab prevents clinical worsening of chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR) of
kidney transplant recipients. Optimization of this treatment is necessary. We identified the …

Chronic active antibody-mediated rejection is one of the leading causes of graft failure and
traditional therapies have unclear efficacy. Recent studies suggested that Tocilizumab could …

Background. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies (AT1R-Abs) and endothelin-type A
receptor antibodies (ETAR-Abs) are G protein–coupled receptor activating autoantibodies …

The concept of immunosuppression to support allograft longevity was introduced in the early
twentieth century, yet most therapeutic advances have occurred over the past few decades …