I review evidence that individuals associate themselves—or identify—with groups in two
fundamental ways: ingroup bias and conformity to group norms. The evidence spans many …

We review the empirical literature that studies the effect of ethnic diversity on public
spending and on individual support for the welfare state. The survey puts a particular focus …

This article develops a model for analyzing social identity and applies it to the political
economy of income redistribution, focusing on class and national identities. The model …

When do ethnic cleavages increase the risk of conflict? Under what conditions is a strong
common identity likely to emerge, thereby reducing that risk? How are patterns of social …

We study ingroup bias—the preferential treatment of members of one's group—in naturally
occurring data, where economically significant allocation decisions are made under a strong …

Expressive behavior is the self-interested quest for utility through acts and declarations that
confirm a person's identity. Expressive voting is an example of expressive behavior. I …

Are identities fungible? How do people come to identify with specific groups? This paper
proposes a revealed preference approach, using food consumption to uncover ethnic and …

" Political equality is an essential political ideal and it is the cornerstone of moral
justifications of democracy. Most people would agree with the proposition that the interests …

The application of economics principles to the analysis of behavior has yielded novel
insights on value and choice across contexts ranging from laboratory animal research to …

Group divisions are a continual feature of human history, with biases toward people's own
groups shown in both experimental and natural settings. Using a within-subject design, this …