The light sensor of vertebrate scotopic (low-light) vision, rhodopsin, is a G-protein-coupled
receptor comprising a polypeptide chain with bound chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, that …

Vision is the most fundamental of our senses initiated when photons are absorbed by the
rod and cone photoreceptor neurons of the retina. At the distal end of each photoreceptor …

Visual arrestin-1 plays a key role in the rapid and reproducible shutoff of rhodopsin
signaling. Its highly selective binding to light-activated phosphorylated rhodopsin is an …

Mammalian arrestins are a family of four highly homologous relatively small~ 45 kDa
proteins with surprisingly diverse functions. The most striking feature is that each of the two …

Functional compartmentalization of cells is a universal strategy for segregating processes
that require specific components, undergo regulation by modulating concentrations of those …

Ethambutol (EMB), an effective first-line antituberculosis agent, can cause serious visual
impairment or irreversible vision loss in a significant number of patients. However, the …

Proteins segregate into discrete subcellular compartments via a variety of mechanisms,
including motor protein transport, local binding, and diffusion barriers. This physical …

Visual arrestin 1 (Arr1) is an essential protein for termination of the light response in
photoreceptors. While mammalian Arr1s form dimers and tetramers at physiological …

In rod photoreceptors, signaling persists as long as rhodopsin remains catalytically active.
Phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase followed by arrestin-1 binding completely deactivates …

Arrestins are characterized by their ability to selectively bind active, phosphorylated GPCRs
and suppress (arrest) receptor coupling to G proteins. Nonvisual arrestins are also signaling …