Globally, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)
epidemics is increasing rapidly and has huge financial and emotional costs. The purpose of …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease is increasing alarmingly
with the aging of the population. Numerous epidemiological data suggest that there is a …

Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

In the last decade, much attention has been devoted to the effects of nutrient-related signals
on brain development and cognitive functions. A turning point was the discovery that brain …

In the last two decades, numerous in vitro studies demonstrated that insulin receptors and
theirs downstream pathways are widely distributed throughout the brain. This evidence has …

Clinical studies suggest a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin
resistance (IR) and cognitive dysfunction, but there are significant gaps in our knowledge of …

Insulin receptors, as well as IGF-1 receptors and their postreceptor signaling partners, are
distributed throughout the brain. Insulin acts on these receptors to modulate peripheral …

Insulin acts on the CNS to modulate behaviour and systemic metabolism. Disturbances in
brain insulin action represent a possible link between metabolic and cognitive health …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediates the communication between the periphery and the
central nervous system (CNS). Recently, CNS insulin resistance has been elucidated to play …