The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. As a
fundamental functional module in the central nervous system, the NVU maintains …

Traditionally, lymphocytic interferon γ (IFN-γ) was considered to be a simple'booster'of
proinflammatory responses by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) during bacterial or …

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a
progressive decline in cognitive ability. Exosomes derived from bone-marrow mesenchymal …

Sleep deprivation (SD) is increasingly common in modern society, which can lead to the
dysregulation of inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms …

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin, which are released by
cells and are accessible in biofluids, such as saliva, urine, and plasma. These vesicles are …

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common disorder following surgery, which
seriously threatens the quality of patients' life, especially the older people. Accumulating …

Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, are small, nano-to-micrometer
vesicles that are released from cells. While initially observed in immune cells and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players for intercellular communication. EVs are
secreted by almost all cell types; they can transfer information between nearby or distant …

Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) remains to be one of the biggest burdens on healthcare
systems and serves as a leading cause of disability and death. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is …

Emerging evidence has revealed that excessive activation of macrophages may result in an
adverse lung inflammation involved in sepsis-related acute lung injury (ALI). However, it has …