The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein GRP78, also known as BiP and HSP5a, is a
multifunctional protein with activities far beyond its well-known role in the unfolded protein …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), comprises 60% of the total cell membrane and interacts
directly or indirectly with several cell organelles ie, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and …

Immune responses to certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs) develop in almost all inflammatory
diseases; however, the significance of such responses is only now becoming clear. In …

Purpose Autoantibody production is a characteristic of most autoimmune diseases including
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the stage of B-cell development at which B-cell tolerance is …

The prion glycoprotein (PrPC) is mostly located at the cell surface, tethered to the plasma
membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatydil inositol (GPI) anchor. Misfolding of PrPC is …

Extracellular cell stress proteins are highly conserved phylogenetically and have been
shown to act as powerful signalling agonists and receptors for selected ligands in several …

Heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones which support tumor development by
regulating various cellular processes including unfolded protein response, mitochondrial …

Autoantibody production occurs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and numerous other
autoimmune diseases. In some conditions, the autoantibodies are clearly pathogenic …

Background: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multi-functional organelle responsible for
cellular homeostasis, protein synthesis, folding and secretion. It has been increasingly …

Most of the leading causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dementia,
neurodegenerative diseases, and many more, are associated with sterile inflammation …