Vascular complications of diabetes pose a severe threat to human health. Prevention and
treatment protocols based on a single vascular complication are no longer suitable for the …

Albinism is a pigment disorder affecting eye, skin and/or hair. Patients usually have
decreased melanin in affected tissues and suffer from severe visual abnormalities, including …

Background and Purpose Diabetic retinopathy, a secondary complication of diabetes
mellitus, can lead to irreversible vision loss. Currently, no treatment is approved for early …

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and its binding receptors (the melanocortin
receptors) play important roles in maintaining ocular tissue integrity and immune …

The ocular tissue microenvironment is immune-privileged and uses multiple
immunosuppressive mechanisms to prevent the induction of inflammation. The retinal …

Previous studies have reported that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT)
contributes to pathological fibrosis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The …

Melanocortin hormone system plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of our body
via their neuro-immune-endocrine activities and regulates a diverse array of physiological …

Objective The role of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) in the retinal damage
induced by diabetes has never been explored. In this context, the present study highlights …

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular disease, characterized by a
deficiency of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a regulator of autophagy. Beta …

Autophagy is the major catabolic pathway involved in removing and recycling damaged
macromolecules and organelles and several evidences suggest that dysfunctions of this …