Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-
phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites …

Equipped with a mini brain smaller than one cubic millimeter and containing only 950,000
neurons, honeybees could be indeed considered as having rather limited cognitive abilities …

Drosophila melanogaster can acquire a stable appetitive olfactory memory when the
presentation of a sugar reward and an odor are paired. However, the neuronal mechanisms …

During classical conditioning, a positive or negative value is assigned to a previously neutral
stimulus, thereby changing its significance for behavior. If an odor is associated with a …

A long-standing question in the study of long-term memory is how a memory trace persists
for years when the proteins that initiated the process turn over and disappear within days …

In nature, animals form memories associating reward or punishment with stimuli from
different sensory modalities, such as smells and colors. It is unclear, however, how distinct …

Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor
output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct …

The goal of this book is to present the science behind decision-making in humans. In
particular, one of the main concepts the author puts forward in the book is that, if our brain is …

Biogenic amines, such as serotonin and dopamine, can be important in reinforcing
associative learning. This function is evident as changes in memory performance with …

Invertebrates have contributed greatly to our understanding of associative learning because
they allow learning protocols to be combined with experimental access to the nervous …