Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering
how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive …

Phytopathogens translocate effector proteins into plant cells where they sabotage the host
cellular machinery to promote infection. An individual pathogen can translocate numerous …

Citrus canker (CC), caused by one of the most destructive subfamilies of the bacterial
phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri (Xcc), poses a serious threat to the …

Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the
global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary …

Citrus is one of the most ancient fruit crops cultivated in the world. For many countries, citrus
production is an important source of revenues. However, despite the richness of citrus …

Nucleic acid binding proteins regulate transcription, splicing, RNA stability, RNA localization,
and translation, together tailoring gene expression in response to stimuli. Upon discovery …

Background Transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors, formerly known as the AvrBs3/PthA
protein family, are DNA-binding effectors broadly found in Xanthomonas spp. that …

Citrus cancer, caused by strains of Xanthomonas citri (Xc) and Xanthomonas aurantifolii
(Xa), is one of the most economically important citrus diseases. Although our understanding …

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), first identified in Xanthomonas bacteria, are
naturally occurring or artificially designed proteins that modulate gene transcription. These …