Voltage-gated calcium channels are required for many key functions in the body. In this
review, the different subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels are described and their …

Peptides are recognized as being highly selective, potent and relatively safe as potential
therapeutics. Peptides isolated from the venom of different animals satisfy most of these …

The detection and processing of painful stimuli in afferent sensory neurons is critically
dependent on a wide range of different types of voltage-and ligand-gated ion channels …

Introduction The use of intrathecal (IT) infusion of analgesic medications to treat patients with
chronic refractory pain has increased since its inception in the 1980s, and the need for …

Over two decades of research on venom peptides derived from cone snails (“conopeptides
or conotoxins”) has led to several compounds that have reached human clinical trials, most …

BACKGROUND Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a challenging condition that lacks
a curative treatment. In selected patients, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has provided a …

Cystine‐knot miniproteins are members of a large family of small proteins that are defined by
a common structural scaffold which is stabilized by three intramolecular disulfide bonds …

Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious
experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue …

Venoms from various predatory species, such as fish hunting molluscs scorpions, snakes
and arachnids contain a large spectrum of toxins that include blockers of voltage-gated …

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) play obligatory roles in diverse physiological
functions. Pathological conditions leading to changes in their biophysical properties and …