Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these
individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis …

Graves' disease (GD) is characterized by thyrotoxicosis, caused by the presence of
circulating thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb), that are determinant also in the …

Background: Thyrotoxicosis has multiple etiologies, manifestations, and potential therapies.
Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting …

Orbital changes in thyroid orbitopathy (TO) result from de novo adipogenesis, hyaluronan
synthesis, interstitial oedema and enlargement of extraocular muscles. Cellular immunity …

Environmental, genetic, and immune factors are at play in the development of the variable
clinical manifestations of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Among the environmental …

Abstract Introduction Graves' orbitopathy (GO), thyroid dermopathy (also called pretibial
myxedema) and acropachy are the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease. They …

Graves' ophthalmopathy is defined as autoimmune inflammation of extraocular muscles and
orbital fat or connective tissue, usually in patients with Graves' disease. About one in 20 …

Context: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is the component of Graves' disease
characterized by orbital inflammation and connective tissue remodeling. The IGF-1 receptor …

The tear film is a layer of body fluid that maintains the homeostasis of the ocular surface. The
superior accessibility of tears and the presence of a high concentration of functional proteins …

Introduction: Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is a severe manifestation of thyroid eye
disease (TED) that can result in permanent vision loss. Management is complex …