We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on
crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of …

This article reviews the evidence on the deterrent effect of police, imprisonment, and capital
punishment and additionally summarizes knowledge of sanction risk perceptions. Studies of …

Abstract Nearly 1,000 officer-involved killings occur each year in the United States. This
article documents the large, racially disparate effects of these events on the educational and …

The evidence in support of the deterrent effect of the certainty of punishment is far more
consistent than that for the severity of punishment. However, the evidence in support of …

The May 2015 release of the report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing
highlighted a fundamental change in the issues dominating discussions about policing in …

We report novel empirical estimates of the race-specific effects of larger police forces in the
United States. Each additional police officer abates approximately 0.1 homicides. In per …

This Article discusses the deterrence of crime through sanctions. It begins with a brief
intellectual history of deterrence theory in the work of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy …

As police officers have become increasingly common in US public schools, their role in
school discipline has often expanded. While there is growing public debate about the …

Since 1972, the rate of incarceration in US state and federal prisons has increased every
year without exception from a rate of 96 prisoners per 100,000 population in 1972 to 504 …

Abstract The School‐to‐Prison Pipeline is a social phenomenon where students become
formally involved with the criminal justice system as a result of school policies that use law …