The skeletal system is the basis of the vertebral body composition, which affords stabilization
sites for muscle attachment, protects vital organs, stores mineral ions, supplies places to the …

Oncogenic signalling and metabolic alterations are interrelated in cancer cells. mTOR,
which is frequently activated in cancer, controls cell growth and metabolism. mTOR …

Glutamine is the most abundant circulating amino acid in blood and muscle and is critical for
many fundamental cell functions in cancer cells, including synthesis of metabolites that …

Biochemistry textbooks and cell culture experiments seem to be telling us two different
things about the significance of external glutamine supply for mammalian cell growth and …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has gathered significant attention as a
ubiquitously expressed multimeric kinase with key implications for cell growth, proliferation …

Decades ago, Otto Warburg observed that cancers ferment glucose in the presence of
oxygen, suggesting that defects in mitochondrial respiration may be the underlying cause of …

The liver has a multitude of functions which are necessary to maintain whole body
homeostasis. This requires that various metabolic pathways can run in parallel in the most …

An accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads
to stress conditions. To mitigate such circumstances, stressed cells activate a homeostatic …

For a long time, lysosomes were considered merely to be cellular'incinerators' involved in
the degradation and recycling of cellular waste. However, now there is compelling evidence …

Glutamine, the most abundant free amino acid in the human body, is a major substrate
utilized by intestinal cells. The roles of glutamine in intestinal physiology and management …