Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Gut-microbial butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of significant physiological
importance than the other major SCFAs (acetate and propionate). Most butyrate producers …

Gut microbiota has evolved along with their hosts and is an integral part of the human body.
Microbiota acquired at birth develops in parallel as the host develops and maintains its …

The intestinal mucosal barrier is composed of epithelial cells that are protected by an
overlying host-secreted mucous layer and functions as the first line of defence against …

A fundamental function of the intestinal epithelium is to act as a barrier that limits interactions
between luminal contents such as the intestinal microbiota, the underlying immune system …

Claudins are cell–cell adhesion molecules located at the tight junctions (TJs) between cells
in epithelial cell sheets. The claudin family in mammals consists of 27 four-transmembrane …

Abstract The claudin18. 2 (CLDN18. 2) protein, an isoform of claudin18, a member of the
tight junction protein family, is a highly selective biomarker with limited expression in normal …

Conventional chemotherapy lacking target selectivity often leads to severe side effects,
limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Therefore, drug delivery systems ensuring both …

The mucosal lining of the gut has co-evolved with a diverse microbiota over millions of
years, leading to the development of specialized mechanisms to actively limit the invasion of …

Clostridium perfringens is an extremely versatile pathogen of humans and livestock, causing
wound infections like gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), enteritis/enterocolitis …