The anatomy and functions of muscle–tendon complexes and their bony attachments in
birds and their outgroups show how the major pelvic limb muscle groups evolved. Fossils …

The bipedal stance and gait of theropod dinosaurs evolved gradually along the lineage
leading to birds and at some point (s), flight evolved. How and when did these changes …

Three‐dimensional skeletal movement is often impossible to accurately quantify from
external markers. X‐ray imaging more directly visualizes moving bones, but extracting 3‐D …

Ground-dwelling birds are typically characterized as erect bipeds having hind limbs that
operate parasagittally. Consequently, most previous research has emphasized …

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical adaptations linked to economical
locomotion in cursorial bipeds. We addressed this question by comparing mass-matched …

Although locomotor kinematics in walking and running birds have been examined in studies
exploring many biological aspects of bipedalism, these studies have been largely limited to …

I used a simple mathematical model of the inverse dynamics of locomotion to estimate the
minimum muscle masses required to maintain quasi‐static equilibrium about the four main …

One of the most extraordinary results of selective breeding is the modern broiler chicken,
whose phenotypic attributes reflect its genetic success. Unfortunately, leg health issues and …

In contrast to the upright trunk in humans, trunk orientation in most birds is almost horizontal
(pronograde). It is conceivable that the orientation of the heavy trunk strongly influences the …

Intensive artificial selection has led to the production of the modern broiler chicken, which
over the last few decades has undergone a dramatic increase in growth rate and noticeable …