We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

This work documents the first version of the US Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

In the atmosphere, microphysics refers to the microscale processes that affect cloud and
precipitation particles and is a key linkage among the various components of Earth's …

Retrospectively comparing future model projections to observations provides a robust and
independent test of model skill. Here we analyze the performance of climate models …

We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7. 0/GL7. 0), the latest science
configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment …

Climate models provide the principal means of projecting global warming over the
remainder of the twenty-first century but modelled estimates of warming vary by a factor of …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

In Part 2 of this two‐part paper, documentation is provided of key aspects of a version of the
AM4. 0/LM4. 0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and …