Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic
exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two …

Influenza A virus (IAV) is an RNA virus with a segmented genome. These viral properties
allow for the rapid evolution of IAV under selective pressure, due to mutation occurring from …

H9N2 subtype influenza viruses have been detected in different species of wild birds and
domestic poultry in many countries for several decades. Because these viruses are of low …

Over the years, the emergence of novel H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza
viruses (HPAI) has been taking place through two main mechanisms: first, the conversion of …

Background Two human cases of avian influenza A (H3N8) virus infection were reported in
China in 2022. Aim To characterise H3N8 viruses circulating in China in September 2021 …

H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have spread widely to more than 60 countries spanning
three continents. To control the disease, vaccination of poultry is implemented in many of the …

The continuous evolution of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of subtype H3 in China and the
emergence of human infection with AIV subtype H3N8 highlight their threat to public health …

Influenza viruses of the H6 subtype have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic and
terrestrial avian species throughout the world since their first detection in a turkey in …

Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a global threat, with waterfowl serving as the primary
reservoir from which viruses spread to other hosts. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) …

In March 2014, avian influenza in poultry in Laos was caused by an emergent influenza A
(H5N6) virus. Genetic analysis indicated that the virus had originated from reassortment of …