Recent efforts to include parasites in food webs have drawn attention to a previously ignored
facet of foraging ecology: parasites commonly function as prey within ecosystems. Because …

The diversity of ways in which host manipulation by parasites interferes with ecological and
evolutionary processes governing biotic interactions has been recently documented, and …

Many taxa of parasites modify the behavior of their hosts in ways that improve their
probability of transmission. Regardless of its evolutionary origins or underlying mechanisms …

The diversity of ways in which parasites manipulate the phenotype of their hosts to increase
their transmission has been well‐documented during the past decades. Parasites clearly …

The effect of host manipulation by parasites on trophic transmission to final hosts remains
unclear. The transmission benefits gained by manipulative parasites are difficult to assess …

True water bugs (Nepomorpha) are mostly predacious insects that live in aquatic habitats.
They use their piercing–sucking mouthparts to inject venomous saliva that facilitates the …

Several parasite species have the ability to modify their host's phenotype to their own
advantage thereby increasing the probability of transmission from one host to another. This …

The population trophic niche of free-living species can be subdivided into smaller niches
comprising individuals specialising on specific food items. The roles of parasites in creating …

Parasites alter many traits of their hosts. In particular, parasites known as “manipulative” may
increase their probability of transmission by inducing phenotypic alterations in their …

Parasites with complex life cycles often change intermediate host traits in order to enhance
their transmission to the next host. Acanthocephalans are excellent examples of such …