Insecticides and genetically modified Bt crops are the main tools for control of the fall
armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith). Since its invasion of Africa, the Far East, and …

Larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) and
Lysinibacillus sphaericus are effective and environmentally safe compounds for the control …

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive pest native to America and
has recently become an invasive insect pest in China. Because of its rapid spread and great …

Highlights•Sublethal stress remains neglected within entomology in favor of short-term
mortality.•Sublethal stress in insecticide-resistant populations and insect communities is also …

The primary strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops that
produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) entails refuges of plants that do …

Background Transgenic corn engineered with genes expressing insecticidal toxins from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)(Bt) are now a major tool in insect pest …

BACKGROUND Maize plants expressing insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis are
valuable options for managing fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, in Brazil …

The growing global population has created a significant demand for both quality and
quantity of agricultural products, resulting in a significant increase in the use of …

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is a major target pest of Bt crops (eg,
corn, cotton, and soybean) in North and South America. This pest has recently invaded …

The introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton has reduced the burden of pests without
harming the environment and human health. However, the efficacy of Bt cotton has …