The biological effects of cannabinoids, the major constituents of the ancient medicinal plant
Cannabis sativa (marijuana) are mediated by two members of the G-protein coupled …

T cells play a critical role in cancer control, but a range of potent immunosuppressive
mechanisms can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to abrogate their …

Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by
alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane-bound receptors
and also the targets of many drugs. Understanding of the functional significance of the wide …

β-arrestin1 (or arrestin2) and β-arrestin2 (or arrestin3) are ubiquitously expressed cytosolic
adaptor proteins that were originally discovered for their inhibitory role in G protein–coupled …

The Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 perceives bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate
defenses through the central cytoplasmic kinase BIK1. The heterotrimeric G proteins …

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common and most diagnosed cancers in the world.
There are many predisposing factors, for example, genetic predisposition, smoking, or a diet …

Chemosensory neurons translate perception of external chemical cues, including odorants,
tastants, and pheromones, into information that drives attraction or avoidance motor …

The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its cell surface receptor CXCR4 were first identified as
regulators of lymphocyte trafficking to the bone marrow. Soon after, the CXCL12/CXCR4 …

Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating
cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of …