Background: Botulinum toxin type A injection remains the leading nonsurgical cosmetic
procedure worldwide, with a high rate of efficacy and patient satisfaction. Methods: A …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is an anaerobic rod-shaped-neurotoxin produced by Clostridium
botulinum, that has both therapeutic and lethal applications. BoNT injection is the most …

BACKGROUND: Gummy smile (GS) is an aesthetic disorder for some patients, which can be
corrected by injection of botulinum toxin. OBJECTIVE: We sought to classify GS according to …

The authors studied and provided treatment to patients with the complaint of gummy smile.
Between October of 2009 and January of 2011, 52 unaesthetic smiles were evaluated and …

Background A perfect smile is dictated by the balance among 3 parameters: the white
(teeth), the pink (gum), and the lips: excessive gingival display while smiling has been a …

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Background To date, no standardized minimally invasive approach for the treatment of
excessive gingival display exists. Objectives This systematic review aims to assess the …

Background: Treatment of excessive gingival display usually involves procedures such as
Le Fort impaction or maxillary gingivectomies. The authors propose an alternative technique …

The objective of this article is to present 3 various types of gummy smile treated with
botulinum toxin-A injection per site at Yonsei points. The patients, who visited the …

The pursuit of esthetic excellence has become a major goal in the dental treatment and
orthodontic treatment. The beauty of the smile is not only constituted by the shape, position …