Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced in all aerobic life forms
under both physiological and adverse conditions. Unregulated ROS/NO generation causes …

Calcium is used in many cellular processes and is maintained within the cell as free calcium
at low concentrations (approximately 100 nM), compared with extracellular (millimolar) …

Calcium is an important second messenger involved in intra-and extracellular signaling
cascades and plays an essential role in cell life and death decisions. The Ca 2+ signaling …

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) account for 5% of the resident parenchymal central
nervous system glial cells. OPCs are not only a back-up for the loss of oligodendrocytes that …

Nearly 130 years after the first insights into the existence of mitochondria, new
rolesassociated with these organelles continue to emerge. As essential hubs that dictate cell …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Advancing age is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease because of the …

Although nerve cell death is the hallmark of many neurological diseases, the processes
underlying this death are still poorly defined. However, there is a general consensus that …

Many studies support a crucial role for oxidative & nitrosative stress (O&NS) in the
pathophysiology of unipolar and bipolar depression. These disorders are characterized inter …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive reduced oxygen molecules that result
from aerobic metabolism. The common forms are the superoxide anion (O2∙−) and hydrogen …

Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits.
They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and …