Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

Understanding how activity patterns in specific neural circuits coordinate an animal's
behavior remains a key area of neuroscience research. Genetic tools and a brain of …

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) signalling regulates multiple biological functions through activation of
protein kinase G and cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. In sensory neurons, cGMP …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a popular model to investigate
fundamental principles of neural circuit operation. The sophisticated genetics and small …

Cation and anion channelrhodopsins (CCRs and ACRs, respectively) from phototactic algae
have become widely used as genetically encoded molecular tools to control cell membrane …

The field of photopharmacology of Class A GPCR ligands has recently attracted attention. In
this review we analyze 31 papers on currently available photoswitchable ligands for Class A …

Channelrhodopsins are popular optogenetic tools in neuroscience, but remain poorly
understood mechanistically. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of channelrhodopsin-2 …

By engineering a microbial rhodopsin, Archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch), to bind a synthetic
chromophore, merocyanine retinal, in place of the natural chromophore all-trans-retinal …