CC chemokines (or β-chemokines) are 28 chemotactic cytokines with an N-terminal CC
domain that play an important role in immune system cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ …

Hypoxia is an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Either as chronic or
cycling hypoxia, it exerts a similar effect on cancer processes by activating hypoxia-inducible …

Simple Summary Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy caused by aberrant
plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow (BM) and constitutes the second most common …

Simple Summary Several anti-angiogenic drugs have been approved for cancer treatment,
alone or in combination with other anti-tumoral agents. Angiogenesis inhibitors cause drug …

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a largely incurable haematological malignancy defined by the
clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) within the bone marrow. Clonal …

Hypoxia, ie, oxygen deficiency condition, is one of the most important factors promoting the
growth of tumors. Since its effect on the chemokine system is crucial in understanding the …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) within the protective microenvironment of multiple
myeloma (MM) promote tumor growth, confer chemoresistance and support metabolic needs …

CXCR4 is a pleiotropic chemokine receptor which acts through its ligand CXCL12 to
regulate diverse physiological processes. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a pivotal role in …

Multiple myeloma is a fatal plasma cell malignancy that is reliant on the bone marrow
microenvironment. The bone marrow is comprised of numerous cells of mesenchymal and …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of tumor
cells that exhibit properties similar to those of normal stem cells. Oxygen is an important …