Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

High-grade gliomas are lethal brain cancers whose progression is robustly regulated by
neuronal activity. Activity-regulated release of growth factors promotes glioma growth, but …

Glial cells are abundant in the CNS and are essential for brain development and
homeostasis. These cells also regulate tissue recovery after injury and their dysfunction is a …

Dynamic metabolic changes occurring in neurons are critically important in directing brain
plasticity and cognitive function. In other tissue types, disruptions to metabolism and the …

Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission
are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this …

Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in the brain and is at the crossroad between
multiple metabolic pathways. Considering this, it was a surprise to discover that glutamate …

Astrocytes have in recent years become the focus of intense experimental interest, yet
markers for their definitive identification remain both scarce and imperfect. Astrocytes may …

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to hyperexcitability and
hypersynchrony of brain neurons. Current theories of pathophysiology stress neuronal …

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element necessary for physiological processes that
support development, growth and neuronal function. Secondary to elevated exposure or …