Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized medical oncology, although currently only
a subset of patients has a response to such treatment. A compelling body of evidence …

Since the discovery of immune checkpoint proteins, there has been a special interest in
developing antibodies that block programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) and programmed …

The therapeutic algorithm of renal cell carcinoma has been revolutionized by the approval of
immunotherapy agents by regulatory agencies. However, objective and durable responses …

Immunotherapy aiming at suppressing tumor development by relying on modifying or
strengthening the immune system prevails among cancer treatments and points out a new …

Harnessing an antitumor immune response has been a fundamental strategy in cancer
immunotherapy. For over a century, efforts have primarily focused on amplifying immune …

Importance Atezolizumab (anti–programmed cell death ligand 1 [PD-L1]) is well tolerated
and clinically active in multiple cancer types. Its safety and clinical activity in metastatic triple …

Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but
must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of …

Several cancers are highly refractory to conventional chemotherapy. The survival of tumors
in several cases is assisted by checkpoint immunomodulation to maintain the imbalance …