Pleiotropy, the phenomenon of a single genetic variant influencing multiple traits, is likely
widespread in the human genome. If pleiotropy arises because the single nucleotide …

Drugs whose targets have genetic evidence to support efficacy and safety are more likely to
be approved after clinical development. In this paper, we provide an overview of how natural …

Mendelian randomisation uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to investigate the
causal relations between potentially modifiable risk factors and health outcomes in …

The human proteome is a major source of therapeutic targets. Recent genetic association
analyses of the plasma proteome enable systematic evaluation of the causal consequences …

Causal inference is essential across the biomedical, behavioural and social sciences. By
progressing from confounded statistical associations to evidence of causal relationships …

Background Some observational studies found that dyslipidaemia is a risk factor for non-
alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and lipid-lowering drugs may lower NAFLD risk …

Human genetics research has discovered thousands of proteins associated with complex
and rare diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and studies of Mendelian …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is increasingly used to make causal inferences in a wide
range of fields, from drug development to etiologic studies. Causal inference in MR is …

Background Micronutrients, namely vitamins and minerals, are associated with cancer
outcomes; however, their reported effects have been inconsistent across studies. We aimed …

Downregulation of IL-6 (interleukin-6) signaling has been proposed as a strategy for
lowering cardiovascular risk. Secondary analyses from CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti …