A critical step in the life cycle of complex retroviruses, including HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 is the
ability of these viruses to adopt a mechanism by which the genome-length unspliced mRNA …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein binds to unspliced HIV-1 pre-
mRNA and exports it from the nucleus. Rev itself can “shuttle” between the nucleus and …

Abstract c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes have originally been found in mutated forms in
murine and avian oncogenic retroviruses. They both define multigenic families of …

Although our knowledge of HIV-1 growth, from a molecular mechanistic perspective, has
rapidly increased, we do not yet know how the overall growth rate of HIV-1 depends on its …

Integration of viral DNA into a chromosome of the infected host cell is required for efficient
replication of a retroviral genome, and this reaction is mediated by the virus-encoded …

HIV-1 blocks apoptosis, programmed cell death, an innate defense of cells against viral
invasion. However, apoptosis can be selectively reactivated in HIV-infected cells by …

Background The life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) makes possible
the realization of regulatory strategies that can lead to complex dynamical behavior of the …

HTLV-1 is an oncovirus causing ATL and other inflammatory diseases such as HAM/TSP
and HU in about 5% of infected individuals. It is also known that HTLV-1-infected cells …

Astrocytes are target cells for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the central
nervous system with attenuated virus replication in vivo and in vitro. In infected astrocytes …

The use of antibodies in medicine and research depends on their specificity and affinity in
the recogniton and binding of individual molecules. However, these applications are limited …