BACKGROUND Oxygen concentrations in both the open ocean and coastal waters have
been declining since at least the middle of the 20th century. This oxygen loss, or …

Hypoxia, triggered in large part by eutrophication, exerts widespread and expanding stress
on coastal ecosystems. Hypoxia is often specifically defined as water having dissolved …

The concept of oxygen-and capacity-dependent thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms has
successfully explained climate-induced effects of rising temperatures on species abundance …

Coincident with recent global warming, species have shifted their geographic distributions to
cooler environments, generally by moving along thermal axes to higher latitudes, higher …

Ocean acidification is elicited by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and resulting
oceanic uptake of excess CO 2 and might constitute an abiotic stressor powerful enough to …

High temperatures and low oxygen in aquatic environments, such as intensive aquaculture
or in natural watersheds, inevitably cause stress in fish. Fish are exposed to high …

Anthropogenic environmental change is exposing animals to changes in a complex array of
interacting stressors and is already having important effects on the distribution and …

Hypoxia is a common occurrence in aquatic habitats, and it is becoming an increasingly
frequent and widespread environmental perturbation, primarily as the result of …

Hypoxia survival in fish requires a well-coordinated response to either secure more O2 from
the hypoxic environment or to limit the metabolic consequences of an O2 restriction at the …

Dissolved oxygen (DO) undountedly affects fish distribution, metabolism, and evern survival.
Intensive aquaculture and environmental changes will inevitably lead to hypoxic stress for …