S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with
structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular …

Over the past few decades, microglial cells have been regarded as the main executor of
inflammation after acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) disorders, responding …

Immune responses are initiated and perpetuated by molecules derived from microorganisms
pathogen-associated molecular-pattern molecules or from the damage or death of host cells …

Inflammation and microenvironment play a crucial role in muscle regeneration. IL
(interleukin)-6, as a multifunctional cytokine is involved in the processes. However, the …

Stress proteins (SPs) from the heat shock and glucose-regulated protein families are
abundant intracellular molecules that have powerful extracellular roles as immune …

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common progressive and age-related cardiac arrhythmia,
affects millions of people worldwide. AF is associated with common risk factors, including …

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that guarantee
immune surveillance and exert also a modulating role on neuronal synaptic development …

Pineal gland melatonin is the darkness hormone, while extra-pineal melatonin produced by
the gonads, gut, retina, and immune competent cells acts as a paracrine or autocrine …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with joint
destruction. Synovial fibroblasts are key players in this pathological process. They favorise a …

Since 1962, when Ferruccio Ritossa discovered new puffing patterns in the polytene
chromosomes of Drosophila incubated at an elevated temperature (153), we have been …