Domestic animals often seek and enjoy interacting with humans. Positive human–animal
relationships can elicit positive emotions and other positive welfare outcomes. Nevertheless …

Judgment bias tasks (JBTs) are considered as a family of promising tools in the assessment
of emotional states of animals. JBTs provide a cognitive measure of optimism and/or …

Simple Summary The concern for better farm animal welfare has been greatly increasing
among scientists, veterinarians, farmers, consumers, and the general public over many …

Simple Summary Emotions or affective states recognition in farm animals is an
underexplored research domain. Despite significant advances in animal welfare research …

Research in cognitive psychology has repeatedly shown how much cognition and emotions
are mutually related to one another. Psychological disorders are associated with cognitive …

Simple Summary Cognitive bias testing has emerged as one of the most valid tools in
measuring animals' affective states, and while it has been extensively applied in farm and …

Highlights•Optimism and pessimism can be defined operationally, and hence applied to non-
human animals.•Optimism is defined as a higher expectation of reward or a lower …

For many years, researchers, veterinarians, animal ethics committees, and regulators have
focused on minimizing pain and distress as a primary goal of refinement when working with …

Emotions are mental states occurring in response to external and internal stimuli and thus
form an integral part of an animal's behaviour. Emotions can be mapped in two dimensions …

Are complex, species-specific behaviors in animals reinforced by material reward alone or
do they also induce positive emotions? Many adaptive human behaviors are intrinsically …