OBJECTIVE: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is a screening
instrument for physical nicotine dependence and is extensively used in various countries …

Objectives Worldwide studies were combined to examine two hypotheses:(i) bipolar
disorder is associated with smoking behaviors, compared with the general population; and …

A meta-analysis of worldwide studies, found by a 10-year literature follow-up and/or by
searching PubMed, was performed. Forty-two studies across 20 nations consistently …

Background Clinical guidelines on smoking cessation contain recommendations for various
evidence-based methods. The goal of this study was to provide a representative analysis for …

Abstract Introduction: The 68-item Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives
(WISDM-68) is a theoretically derived measure of tobacco dependence consisting of 13 …

Importance Medical treatment settings such as emergency departments (EDs) present
important opportunities to address problematic substance use. Currently, EDs do not …

Gender differences in tobacco withdrawal are of considerable clinical importance, but
research findings on this topic have been mixed. Methodological variation in samples sizes …

Importance The electronic cigarette (EC) has become popular among smokers who wish to
reduce their tobacco use levels or quit smoking, but its effectiveness as a cessation aid is …

Abstract Background The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is used for
assessing nicotine dependence. A shorter test derived from the FTND used for the general …

Importance Tobacco use causes 7 million deaths per year; most national guidelines require
people who use tobacco toopt into care by affirming they are willing to quit. Use of …