The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) system represents a primary cell-signaling
pathway throughout systems and across species. PKA facilitates the actions of hormones …

In mammals, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an intracellular second
messenger that is usually elicited by binding of hormones and neurotransmitters to G protein …

Hypothalamic neurons containing orexin (hypocretin) are activated during motivated
behaviors and active waking. We show that injection of orexin-A into the ventromedial …

Sympathetic neurons depend on target-derived neurotrophic cues to control their survival
and growth. However, whether sympathetic innervation contributes reciprocally to the …

Skeletal muscle constitutes∼ 40% of body mass and has the capacity to play a major role as
thermogenic, metabolic, and endocrine organ. In addition to shivering, muscle also …

Despite medical advice, 20–30% of female smokers continue to smoke during pregnancy.
Epidemiological studies have associated maternal smoking with increased risk of obesity …

The monoamines octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) modulate numerous behaviours and
physiological processes in invertebrates. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether these …

In this study, we investigated the significance of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in age-
related impaired insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. We characterized the metabolic …

Beta cell connectivity describes the phenomenon whereby the islet context improves insulin
secretion by providing a three-dimensional platform for intercellular signaling processes …

Objective: Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic, low-intensity systemic inflammation
frequently associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Materials and methods …