Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes. However,
due to its complex pathological mechanisms, no effective therapeutic methods (other than …

Renal tubules are the major component of the kidney and are vulnerable to a variety of
injuries including hypoxia, proteinuria, toxins, metabolic disorders, and senescence. It has …

Background Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a fibro-proliferative disorder of dermis after burn or
trauma and usually leads to esthetic disfiguration and functionary impairment for patients …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary factor that drives fibrosis in most, if not
all, forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inhibition of the TGF-β isoform, TGF-β1, or its …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications in diabetes mellitus
and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine and has …

TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) is well identified as a central mediator in renal fibrosis.
TGF-β initiates canonical and non-canonical pathways to exert multiple biological effects …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are interconnected. Although
AKI-to-CKD transition has been intensively studied, the information of AKI on CKD is very …

Diabetes-associated morbidity and mortality is predominantly due to complications of the
disease that may cause debilitating conditions, such as heart and renal failure, hepatic …

Exosomes are tiny vesicles (30–150 nm) constantly secreted by all healthy and abnormal
cells, and found in abundance in all body fluids. These vesicles, loaded with unique RNA …

The pathologic paradigm for renal progression is advancing tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
Whereas mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis have grown in scope and understanding in …