Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. Cellular homeostasis of
glutamate is of paramount importance for normal brain function and relies on an intricate …

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), a key invention in nanoscience, has by now been
extended to a wide spectrum of basic and applied fields. Its application to basic science led …

Understanding structural dynamics of biomolecules at the single-molecule level is vital to
advancing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms. Currently, there are few techniques …

The cytoplasm of bacterial cells is a highly crowded cellular compartment that possesses
considerable osmotic potential. As a result, and owing to the semipermeable nature of the …

Amino acid transporters (AATs) are membrane-bound transport proteins that mediate
transfer of amino acids into and out of cells or cellular organelles. AATs have diverse …

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large, eukaryotic ion channel superfamily
that control diverse physiological functions, and therefore are attractive drug targets,,,–. More …

Altered glutamate transporter expression is a common feature of many neuropsychiatric
conditions, including schizophrenia. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are …

Membrane transporters are integral membrane proteins that mediate the passage of solutes
across lipid bilayers. These proteins undergo conformational transitions between outward …

Glutamate transporters are cation-coupled secondary active membrane transporters that
clear the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic cleft. These transporters are …

Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system,
and its precise control is vital to maintain normal brain function and to prevent excitotoxicity …