The ideal in vitro recreation of the micro-tumor niche—although much needed for a better
understanding of cancer etiology and development of better anticancer therapies—is highly …

Cancer, one of the most dangerous diseases with a high mortality rate, has attracted much
attention and interest. Advances in tissue engineering and microfluidics have led to the …

Culture of cells as three-dimensional (3D) aggregates can enhance in vitro tests for basic
biological research as well as for therapeutics development. Such 3D culture models …

In vitro 3D cancer models that provide a more accurate representation of disease in vivo are
urgently needed to improve our understanding of cancer pathology and to develop better …

Abstract 3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity
to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic …

Tumor-targeted drug delivery systems are promising for their advantages in enhanced tumor
accumulation and reduced toxicity towards normal organs. However, few nanomedicines …

Drug failure due to toxicity indicators remains among the primary reasons for staggering
drug attrition rates during clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance. Broader …

Embryonic stem (ES) cells hold great potential as a renewable cell source for regenerative
medicine and cell-based therapy. Despite the potential of ES cells, conventional stem cell …

Cancer stem cells have been shown to be important in tumorigenesis processes, such as
tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. As such, many three-dimensional models have …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), wherein light sensitive non-toxic agents are locally and
selectively activated using light, has emerged as an appealing alternative to traditional …