Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health
and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of …

Physical challenges, emotional arousal, increased physical activity, or changes in the
environment can evoke stress, requiring altered activity of visceral organs, glands, and …

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a common vasospastic disorder that causes severe pain
and ulcers, but despite its high reported heritability, no causal genes have been robustly …

The noradrenergic system is crucial for several activities in the body, including the
modulation of pain. As the major producer of noradrenaline (NA) in the central nervous …

Spontaneous pain refers to pain occurring without external stimuli. It is a primary complaint
in chronic pain conditions and remains difficult to treat. Moreover, the mechanisms …

Background The involvement of microglia in neuroinflammatory responses has been
extensively demonstrated. Recent animal studies have shown that exposure to either acute …

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) were first characterized as signal transducers that
elicit downstream effects through modulation of guanine (G) nucleotide-binding proteins …

α2‐Adrenoceptors are important mediators of physiological responses to the endogenous
catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline. In addition, α2‐adrenoceptors are …

State of mind can influence susceptibility and progression of diseases and disorders not
only in peripheral organs, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the …

Neuropathic pain can arise from disease or damage to the nervous system. The most
common symptoms of neuropathic pain include spontaneous pain, allodynia, and …