Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a devastating condition that is reaching epidemic levels
owing to the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity, as well …

Inflammation, a process intimately linked to renal disease, can be defined as a complex
network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as …

Recent advances have improved our understanding of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS).
These have included the recognition that angiotensin (A ng)‐(1‐7) is a biologically active …

Post-operative adhesions affect patients undergoing all types of surgeries. They are
associated with serious complications, including higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Given …

The NF-κB family of transcription factors regulates the induction and resolution of
inflammation. Two main pathways, classical and alternative, control the nuclear …

Renal fibrosis is the common pathological hallmark of progressive chronic kidney disease
(CKD) with diverse aetiologies. Recent researches have highlighted the critical role of …

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key regulator of systemic blood
pressure and renal function and a key player in renal and cardiovascular disease. However …

Fibrogenesis is a mechanism of wound healing and repair. However, prolonged injury
causes deregulation of normal processes and results in extensive deposition of extracellular …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been recognized as an important mediator in
the genesis of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), which are characterized by the accumulation …

Diabetes mellitus is known to trigger retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Diabetic
nephropathy, a long-term major microvascular complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia …