Uric acid is a waste product of purine catabolism. This molecule comes to clinical attention
when it nucleates to form crystals of monosodium urate (MSU) in joints or other tissues, and …

▪ Abstract The conversion of exogenous and endogenous proteins into immunogenic
peptides recognized by T lymphocytes involves a series of proteolytic and other enzymatic …

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of multifunctional cytokines thatactivate transcription of
subsets of genes. The gene products inducedby IFNs are responsible for IFN antiviral …

Immunoproteasomes contain replacements for the three catalytic subunits of standard
proteasomes. In most cells, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines are stimuli that …

IFN-γ up-regulates MHC class I expression and antigen processing and presentation on
cells, since IFN-γ can induce multiple gene expressions that are related to MHC class I …

The adaptive immune response is initiated by the interaction of T cell antigen receptors with
major histocompatibility complex molecule-peptide complexes in the nanometer scale gap …

Abstract Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) appears to be specialized
to produce peptides presented on class I major histocompatibility complex molecules. We …

From HIV to influenza, the battle between infectious agents and the immune system is at the
heart of disease. Knowledge of how and why parasites vary to escape recognition by the …

Acute Trypanosoma cruzi infections can be asymptomatic, but chronically infected
individuals can die of Chagas' disease. The transfer of the parasite mitochondrial kinetoplast …

Protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway of non-
lysosomal proteolysis of intracellular proteins. It plays important roles in a variety of …