This year marks the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of the study that first reported the
isolation of HIV-1. In this Timeline article, we provide a historical perspective of some of the …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is generally characterized by inefficient viral
transmission; an acute phase of intense viral replication and dissemination to lymphoid …

Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share
many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly …

The pathogenesis of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses is characterized by CD4+
T cell depletion and chronic T cell activation, leading ultimately to AIDS. CD4+ T helper (TH) …

Host restriction factors are potent, widely expressed intracellular blocks to viral replication
that are an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. However …

The worldwide diversity of HIV-1 presents an unprecedented challenge for vaccine
development,. Antigens derived from natural HIV-1 sequences have elicited only a limited …

Many species of African nonhuman primates are naturally infected with simian
immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in the wild and in captivity. In contrast to HIV-infected …

Pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is associated with enteropathy,
which likely contributes to AIDS progression. To identify candidate etiologies for AIDS …

Retroviruses have evolved effective strategies to evade the host immune response, such as
high variability and latent infection. In addition, primate lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, have …

HIV infection can persist in spite of efficacious antiretroviral therapies. Although incomplete
inhibition of viral replication may contribute to this phenomenon, this is largely due to the …