Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Sex differences may play a critical role in modulating how chronic or heavy alcohol use
impacts the brain to cause the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD is a …

Many studies have examined effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and fetal development,
especially on prematurity and birthweight, and more recently long-term effects on child …

Maternal distress during pregnancy increases plasma levels of cortisol and corticotrophin
releasing hormone in the mother and foetus. These may contribute to insulin resistance and …

Early-life adverse experiences, including prenatal stress (PNS), are associated with a higher
prevalence of neurodevelopmental, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in affected …

With each trajectory taken during the ontogeny of an individual, the number of optional
behavioural phenotypes that can be expressed across its life span is reduced. The initial …

Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) has been linked with adverse health outcomes in the
offspring through experimental studies using animal models and epidemiological studies of …

Human epidemiological studies have provided compelling evidence that the risk of
developing schizophrenia is significantly enhanced following prenatal and/or perinatal …

Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful
primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary …

Rationale The birth of neurons, their migration to appropriate positions in the brain, and their
establishment of the proper synaptic contacts happen predominately during the prenatal …