A dense and diverse microbial community inhabits the gut and many epithelial surfaces.
Referred to as the microbiota, it co-evolved with the host and is beneficial for many host …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at
significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth …

Although microbial populations in the gut microbiome are associated with COVID-19
severity, a causal impact on patient health has not been established. Here we provide …

The gut microbiota influences development,–and homeostasis,,–of the mammalian immune
system, and is associated with human inflammatory and immune diseases, as well as …

B cells, which are critical for intestinal homeostasis, remain understudied in ulcerative colitis
(UC). In this study, we recruited three cohorts of patients with UC (primary cohort, n= 145; …

The immune system responds vigorously to microbial infection while permitting lifelong
colonization by the microbiome. Mechanisms that facilitate the establishment and stability of …

The human body carries vast communities of microbes that provide many benefits. Our
microbiome is complex and challenging to understand, but evolutionary theory provides a …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects 6.8 million people globally. A variety of factors
have been implicated in IBD pathogenesis, including host genetics, immune dysregulation …

The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung …

Developing general principles of host–microorganism interactions necessitates a robust
understanding of the eco-evolutionary processes that structure microbiota. Phylosymbiosis …